Scientists working at Newcastle University in England claim to have found a way of making a new family of Breast Cancer pills effective against other, and possibly all types of cancer, including skin cancer. In addition to shrinking Tumors the new treatment would have the added benefit of reducing or eliminating entirely the side effects such as nausea and tiredness found in more traditional forms of cancer treatments such as chemotherapy.

The new treatment involves a family of drugs known as PARP Inhibitors which target inherited forms of Breast Cancer, Ovarian, Prostate and Pancreatic tumors. One of the great benefits of the new treatment is the fact that the PARP Inhibitors zero in on the Tumor, leaving the healthy cells which surround it unaffected. This causes little or none of the side effects found with regular Chemotherapy which affects healthy cells in addition to the Cancerous ones.

The key to the new treatment is the flaw in the gene called BRC1 found in hereditary forms of Breast Cancer which limits their ability to repair their DNA. Normal healthy cells have two ways of repairing damage to them whereas BRC cells have only one. PARP Inhibitors work by blocking this single pathway causing the cancerous cells to stop multiplying and killing existing ones.

The breakthrough has come as the U.K scientists have found a way to allow the drug to work on other types of tumors with do not contain this genetic flaw. The researchers discovered that by blocking a molecule known as Cdk1, the tumors, in this case situated in the lungs, also lost the ability to repair themselves, allowing them to be targeted by PARP Inhibitors and destroyed in the same manner as those tumors containing BRC1. Researchers are now in the process of trying to develop a new drug which will block Cdk1 allowing more patients to be treated with PARP Inhibitors.

Dr Lesley Walker of Cancer Research U.K has been quoted as saying ‘ If the researchers are able to develop an effective drug to block Cdk1, we could have a powerful new tool to treat cancer patients’.

Melanoma or Malignant Melanoma is, although relatively rare accounting for 10% of all skin cancer cases, the most serious form of skin cancer. Melanoma, is a disease of the upper layer of our skin, the Epidermis, and is caused by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of the skin cells known as Melanocytes, the cells which are responsible for producing a substance called Melanin which protects our skin from the effects of Sun exposure.

The uncontrolled growth of these cells form the tumor or skin lesion, more commonly referred to as cancer. Melanoma can spread to other parts of the body, a process known as Metastasis, via the Lymph Nodes, small glands which are found throughout the body, where it may grow and form secondary tumors, which is why it is sometimes referred to as Superficial Spreading Melanoma or Metastatic Melanoma. However although Malignant Melanoma is the most serious and aggressive form of skin cancer, accounting for about 75% of all terminal skin cancer cases, if found and treated in it’s early stages it is an entirely curable condition.

Although anyone can develop skin cancer there are some groups which are higher risk than others. The people most at risk are those who tend to find it difficult to tan, or sunburn easily. Those of us with fair skin, red or blonde hair and blue or green eyes are most at risk of developing the disease. Other important risk factors include people with freckles, a high number of moles (100+) or have a weakened immune system, for example people who are HIV positive. Previously damaged skin is also susceptible to developing Melanoma Skin Cancer, for example skin which has scarring from burns or ulcers.

Melanoma’s can appear on any part of your body but most commonly appear on the back, legs, arms and face. The first sign of Melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in the appearance of an existing mole. Normal moles are usually oval or round in shape with a well defined edge, are a uniform color and measure less than 1/4 Inch across. A Melanoma lesion will often be more than one color, be of an irregular shape, may rapidly grow to over 1/4 Inch and is sometimes accompanied by itching and bleeding. The symptoms of Melanoma can be summarized by using the following ABCD checklist:

A for Asymmetrical- Melanoma’s are an irregular shape with two very different shaped halves.
B for Border- Unlike normal Moles Melanoma’s do not have a well defined edge but appear ragged and irregular.
C for Color- Unlike a normal Mole a Melanoma Tumor will contain more than one color.
D for Diameter- Melanoma’s quite rapidly grow larger than 1/4 Inch in size whereas a normal mole will never grow to that size.

If you discover any of these symptoms you MUST visit your doctor ordermatologist for a professional diagnosis as soon as possible as time is of the essence for suspected Melanoma patients.  Your doctor or dermatologist will examine you and perform a biopsy whereby they will remove the tumor which will be sent for further examination at a laboratory.

In a case of suspected Melanoma he or she will also perform a Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy to ensure that any cancer present has not spread to the Lymph Glands. Scans including X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans or Ultrasound scans may also be performed. If your results confirm that you do have Melanoma there are several options available to you which will be explained to you by your doctor. Treatment available to tackle the disease will vary from case to case and will depend on factors such as your age, the location of the cancer, and at what stage of development it has reached. There are a number of treatments available to tackle Melanoma and your doctor will advise you on which is best for you.

Surgery
In cases of Melanoma a surgeon will remove the tumor and a small amount of the surrounding healthy skin which will be examined in a laboratory to ensure that all the affected tissue has been removed. If needed a further area of tissue will be taken until all traces of the cancer have been removed. If the sentinel lymph node biopsy has shown traces of the cancer these will be removed at the same time. Your doctor may decide that further non-surgical treatments would help to eradicate any remaining traces of the cancer or help to stop it returning.

The most common malignant melanoma treatments used are:

Retinoid Treatment
This is given as a course of tablets.

Biological Therapy
At present this consists of manufactured antibodies such as Interferon which help the body’s natural immune system to fight the cancer. More recent developments include Melanoma vaccines which are undergoing research trials at present.

Radiotherapy
X-rays are used to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy
If your Melanoma is at an early stage chemotherapy can be given to you in tablet form or injected. This will have the benefit of fewer of the common side effects found with more generalized chemotherapy such as sickness and hair loss.

Video Overview:-

As with all other forms of skin cancer Malignant Melanoma is, perhaps excepting a small number of genetically predisposed cases, an entirely preventable disease. Everyone, but especially those of us in the high risk groups, should take the appropriate measures to protect ourselves from the harmful effects of overexposure to ultraviolet light from the Sun. Always use a High Sun Factor Sun cream and limit your exposure to the Sun at the hottest part of the day if possible. If this is not possible, for example if you work outside, cover your body and wear a hat which gives shade to the face and neck areas. If you have or are in a position where you care for young children pay extra attention to them and never let them suffer sunburn. Not only is children’s skin more sensitive than that of adults, there is ample evidence now that people who suffered from sunburn in their childhood have a far higher incidence of developing skin cancers later in life.

Although a serious disease, Malignant Melanoma can be completely cured with the aid of modern medical procedures. It is essential that if you feel that you may have any of the symptoms outlined above that you see a doctor or other health professional as soon as possible, regardless of cost or convenience. If caught early the prognosis for malignant Melanoma patients is extremely good.

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Skin cancer, in common with other types of cancer, is the result of an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells and Squamous Cell Carcinoma, or SCC, is the second most common type of skin cancer after Basal Cell Carinoma, the other most common type of non Melanoma skin cancer, accounting for about 20% of all cases of the disease.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma occurs in the upper layer of the skin, the Epidermis, and usually confines itself to areas which experience the most sun exposure such as the face, neck, ears and arms. Unlike the more common form of skin cancer, Basal Cell Carcinoma, SCC’s, if left untreated can spread to other parts of the body so early diagnosis and treatment is very important. There is a pre-Malignant condition known as Actinic Keratosis which consists of an area of thick, scaly, crusty skin about 2-6 mm in area which, if left untreated, will develop into Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 20% of cases. If you think that you may have this it is important that you see a health professional as soon as possible.

The people most at risk of developing SCC and other skin cancers are those of us who tend to find it very difficult to tan, people with red or blonde hair, pale skin, blue eyes, freckles or a high number of moles (100+). Other risk factors include, repeated sunburn-especially during childhood, any scar tissue, the use of sun beds and tanning salons and those who have a weakened immune system, for example those who are HIV positive.
Skin cancers can often be painless and each type has a different appearance. Squamous Cell Carcinoma usually appears as small pink lesions, or tumors, with a hard, scaly or crusty surface.

Symptoms that indicate that you may have skin cancer include any mole, lump or patch of skin that:

1. Shows no sign of healing after 4 weeks
2. Has an irregular edge and/or appears to change shape
3. Grows quite rapidly, especially over 1/4 inch
4. Changes its color to become darker or patchy
5. Becomes inflamed, itchy, crusty or bleeds.

Should you experience any of these symptoms you should seek a doctor’s advice, which will usually refer you to a dermatologist. The dermatologist will examine you and take a biopsy of the tissue which will sent for examination to find out if the lesion contains any cancer cells. The dermatologist will usually carry out a Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy to check if any cancer has spread to the Lymph Nodes. Lymph Nodes are glands which are spread throughout your body and are part of your immune system. Any swelling in this region can be one of the first indications that a cancer is spreading. Once your results are known your dermatologist will discuss the range of treatment options available to you.

The most common forms of treatment available in the treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma are:

• Surgery

A surgeon will cut out and completely remove the tumor and a small amount of the surrounding, healthy, tissue to ensure that all of the SCC has been removed.

• Cryotherapy

The SCC will be frozen and destroyed by Liquid Nitrogen.

• Photodynamic Therapy

This is a fairly new treatment using a cream which makes the skin extremely sensitive to light. The SCC can then be destroyed by using a laser.

• Imiquimod Cream

This is a cream which encourages the body’s immune system to attack the SCC.

• Biological Therapies

These use manufactured antibodies such as Interferon which help your immune system to fight the cancer.

• Chemotherapy

Usually given in tablet form or injected.

• Radiotherapy

This may be used if the SCC covers a wide area or to help to stop the disease from returning.

Video Overview of Squamous cell cancer:-

With all forms of skin cancer prevention can be far easier than the cure. If you are in one of the high risk groups taking care over your exposure to the sun is vital, particularly if you have small children or are in a position where you care for small children on a regular basis, as this seems to be a major cause of skin cancers developing later in life. However with early diagnosis and treatment the vast majority of those who develop Squamous Cell Carcinoma can be totally cured.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma or BCC is one of a group of Non Melanoma Skin Cancer types which affect the lower cells of the Epidermis, the uppermost layer of our skin. Of all types of skin cancers it is by far the most common, accounting for around 75% of all types of skin cancers Worldwide. Thankfully the outlook for sufferers of Non Melanoma Skin Cancers is usually very good and there is only a small risk that the cancer will spread to other parts of the body, a process known as Metastasis. It is estimated that less than 0.5% of Basal Cell Carcinoma patients will experience Metastasis and approximately 90% of patients will be completely cured. Treatment options for Basal Cell Carcinoma include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

The leading cause of all skin cancers is exposure to sunlight. Sunlight contains Ultra Violet Light, overexposure to which can seriously damage the skin. It follows that for health reasons all people should limit their exposure to strong sunlight, however there are additional risk factors which are important. Those people who are more likely to suffer from the effects of sun exposure include people with fair skin which does not tan easily, red or blond hair, freckles or a large number of moles. This high risk group should always wear an appropriate level of sunscreen and never use sun beds or tanning salons. There is also evidence that a tendency to develop Basal Cell Skin Cancer and other skin cancers can also be inherited.

Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma

Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma appear as either a mole like lesion or tumor on the skin or a discolored patch of skin that does not heal. BCC tumors usually appear as an off-white colored bump with a waxy texture, whilst a discolored patch of skin will be flat and scaly and pinkish brown in color. BCC’s can grow up to 6 inches in size if left untreated and can develop on any part of the body, although they are usually found on areas of skin which are regularly exposed to the Sun. BCC tumors are more commonly found on face, ears and neck whilst discolored patches of skin tend to appear most frequently of the chest or back. They are most commonly painless conditions but they may sometimes itch or become a sore area of skin which occasionally bleeds.

Treatment

If your Doctor suspects that you may be suffering from a form of skin cancer he will usually refer you to a dermatologist for further diagnosis and treatment. Your dermatologist will give you a physical examination to confirm the prognosis and will usually take a biopsy from the affected area for further examination under a microscope. Sometimes this initial removal of the tumor for biopsy will be enough to eliminate the BCC completely. If your biopsy confrms the cancer to be BCC and not the less common Squamous Cell Carcinoma, which is more invasive, this may be the end of your treatment. However if you need further treatment there are a number of procedures available to treat Basal Cell Skin Cancer.

- Surgical Excision
This is where a surgeon will cut out and completely remove both the BCC and a small amount of the healthy surrounding tissue to ensure that all traces of the disease have been removed.

- Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is sometimes used for small BCC tumors. The tumor is frozen by applying Liquid Nitrogen which forms a scab. This will fall off in about a month, removing the cancer.

- Moh’s Micrographic Surgery
Moh’s Surgery is a procedure used when the BCC is in a place where it is important that a minimum of skin is actually removed by the treatment such as the face. A very small part of the tumor and surrounding tissue is removed over several visits, helping to reduce scarring.

- Chemotherapy
This can be applied in cream form for BCC’s without the common sickness and hair loss side effects of more general treatment.

- Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy uses low, safe, levels of radiation to destroy the cancer cells. It is usually used on larger areas affected by BCC’s such as when the disease appears as patches of discolored skin.

- Curettage and Electrocautery
Here the surgeon will use a small spoon shaped device to remove the tumor and an electric needle to remove the area surrounding the BCC.

- Imiquimod Cream
This encourages the body’s immune system to attack the BCC and can be used against small tumors.

- Photodynamic Therapy
Here a cream is applied which causes the skin to become highly sensitive to light. A very bright light is then shone upon the affected area, killing the BCC.

Here is a video oveview on basal carcinomas:-

By taking the correct precautions against over exposure to the sun most people will never suffer from Basal Cell Carcinoma but should you be unfortunate and develop the disease the wide variety of treatments available will, in the vast majority of cases, successfully treat the disease.

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